The age of ebooks has been creeping tantalizingly closer for a couple of decades but hasn't really arrived. However, since there are a lot of ebooks available and since some of the big players are getting more serious about them, I have looked into the subject and am reporting my findings.
An ebook is a computer file containing a book that can be downloaded from the Internet to a computer or a dedicated ebook reading device, which may also sometimes be referred to as an ebook.
Ebooks are a Gutenberg-like breakthrough in the history of the book. They can be published and distributed at a much lower cost than paper books, they are instantly procurable without shipping costs, they can be easily updated by the author, they don't go out of print, they don't fill up your bookcases, and they don't get dog-eared or smelly. Since they are digitized, they can be searched, bookmarked, annotated, highlighted, and font-enhanced, which is a big deal for sight-impaired people. Small reading devices make it possible to take your library with you and read on the go. Yet, the full potential for ebooks is not being realized because of market failure; individual publishers and distributors are putting short-sighted self-interest above the common good.
eBook Formats
The first thing we need to know about ebooks is that they come in many different formats. (Are you old enough to remember the VCR/Sony Betamax format conflict?)
Publishers are very concerned (many people say overly concerned) about copyright infringement, so they use Digital Rights Management (the hated DRM) technology primarily to restrict copying and printing. DRM produces a "secure" or encrypted format. A reading device may support a regular format but not a secure format. If the publisher or distributor sells a reading device, they don't want it used to read ebooks from other publishers, but if all devices supported a standard format, all publishers would benefit from a larger market.
You need three things to read digitized books: (1) hardware (computer to download and display the text or computer and another reader device to display the text), (2) reader (This is the software that tells the hardware how to display the text. To confuse matters, the hardware device is often called a reader.), and (3) ebooks. The ebook format must be compatible with the reader, and the reader must be compatible with the hardware operating system. To read a basic plain-text or ASCI file, the needed software is a text editor like WordPad, which is included with the MS operating system, or a word processor. To read an HTML file, a browser is needed. To read ebooks in proprietary formats, it is necessary to download a compatible reader. Important readers, which come in different versions for different platforms (almost all have versions for Windows PCs), are as follows:
- Microsoft Reader: Formats supported: LIT; Devices: computers, PDAs; ebook sellers: efollet.com, Fictionwise, Powells.com, eBooks.com, ebookimpressions.com, booksonboard.com, Diesel eBooks
- eReader for Palm OS: Formats supported: PDB (Palm Digital Media format); Devices: PDAs with Palm OS; ebook sellers: Palm eBookstore, efollet.com, eBooks.com, Powells.com, eBookimpressions.com, booksonboard.com, Diesel eBooks. Also see eReader for Windows Devices: Windows PCs
- Adobe Reader: includes Adobe Reader 7 and Adobe Digital Editions, which supplements Adobe Reader 8; Devices: computers, others depending on format edition; ebook sellers: efollet.com, Fictionwise (& eBookwise), Powells.com, eBooks.com, booksonboard.com, Diesel ebooks
- Mobipocket Reader: Formats supported: PRC, Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and RTF files; Devices: PCs, PDAs, smartphones, and at least one dedicated reading device; ebook sellers: Mobipocket Bookstore, Fictionwise, CyberRead, eBookMall, Franklin, eBookimpressions, boksonboard.com.
- eBook Library: Formats supported: Sony's reader; Devices: Sony's Reader Digital Book
- Fictionwise Reader: Formats supported: unencrypted Microsoft Reader eBooks, HTML, plain text, and Tiny Reader eBooks, as well as unencrypted or secure Fictionwise Reader format eBooks; Devices: Microsoft Windows PCs and Pocket PCs; ebook sellers: Fictionwise
- µBook and µBookLite (pronounced microreader): Formats supported: HTML, TXT, RTF, PDB and PRC (not secure) ebook files and BMP, GIF, PNG and JPG images. It "can read directly from inside ZIP files." It offers many customization options including: Portrait and Landscape display, choice of font type, color and size, etc." Devices: Those using Windows and Mobile PC (Windows CE 3.0+). (µBookLite supports Palm OS (3.5+). For a review go to µBook Software. µBook sells for $15.
- plucker, the only Open Source ebook reader for Windows, Linux and Apple OS X Formats supported: plucker (Project Guttenberg offers many ebooks in the plucker format; Devices supported: Palm handhelds.
- FBReader: Formats supported: HTML, plain text, nonDRMed Mobipoocket, RTF, FictionBook 2, Plucker, PalmDoc, and others; Devices supported" Linux desktop computer, Windows XP computer, Nokia 770/N800/N810) Internet Tablets, and others. See FBReader: Ten easy tips for e-book users who want to switch to a Linux handheld
To illustrate the complexity of the format issue, here is the wide variety of formats for ebooks offered by Fictionwise:
- MultiFormat: Unencrypted eBooks that are available in a variety of formats for handheld devices and computers. When you purchase a MultiFormat eBook, you can download it in any or all of these 11 formats:
- Adobe Acrobat (PDF) for Macintosh and PCs
- Palm DOC (PDB) for Palm compatible devices
- Palm iSilo (PDB) for Palm compatible devices
- Microsoft Reader (LIT) for PC and PocketPC devices
- Franklin eBookman (FUB) for Franklin eBookMan devices
- Hiebook (KML) for Hiebook devices
- Mobipocket (PRC) (currently available for Palm, PocketPC, Franklin eBookman devices, and Symbian-enabled cell phones)
- Rocket (RB) for Rocket and REB/1100
- eBookwise-1150 (IMP) for the eBookwise-1150 device
- REB 1200/GEB 2150 [.IMP] for the REB 1200 and REB 2150 devices
- Sony Reader (LRF)
- Secure Mobipocket Format: eBooks that are available in encrypted Mobipocket format
- Secure Microsoft Reader Format: eBooks that are available in encrypted Microsoft Reader format
- Secure Adobe Reader 7.0 Format: eBooks that are available in encrypted Adobe Reader 7.0 format
- Secure Palm Reader Format: eBooks that are available in encrypted Palm Reader format
- Fictionwise Reader Format: eBooks that are available in Fictionwise Reader format, both encrypted and unencrypted
Toward the goal of a universal, standard format, IDPF (International Digital Publishing Forum) has developed the new .ePub standard. To go to a good .ePub index of ebooks Welcome! EPUB. It will be interesting to see to what extent it will be adopted by publishers. The big guns with proprietary formats are not likely to support it although Sony and Adobe are on board.
To see a good comparison by Powells.com of ebooks of three different formats go to Comparing eBooks. What surprised me most was that the format for which they have by far the most titles is Acrobat 7.
To see some ebook format converters go to eBook Converters and to
Free eBook DistributorsBook Designer. Conversion of proprietary formats infringes copyrights.
Major Free eBook Distributors
The mother of all free ebook sites is Project Guttenberg, Main Page. Here are other free ebook sources:
Google offers the full scanned text of many books in the public domain, and it offers excerpts from many copyrighted books. Go to Google Book Search.
Major Commercial eBook Distributors
Here are some large ebook distributors:
- Fictionwise (fiction and nonfiction) with MultiFormat, Gemstar/Rocket, Secure Adobe Reader, Secure Mobipocket, Secure MS Reader, OEBFF Format (IMP), Sony Reader (LRF), and Secure Palm Reader formats
- eBookwise with OEBFF Format (IMP)
- Mobipocket Bookstore with Mobipocket format
- Microsoft Reader, which is a good "directory" affiliated with other distributors who sell the books in various formats
- Diesel eBooks with several formats
- eReader.com with eReader format (Palm Digital Media). Also see eReader User's Guide
- eBooks.com with Adobe, Mobipocket, and Microsoft formats
- Connect (Sony) with eBook Library software format
- BooksOnBoard.com with various formats
- eBookMall with Microsoft, Adobe, Mobipocket, and Palm formats
- ereadable with Adobe, Microsoft, and Palm formats
- CyberRead with Mobipocket format
- BookLocker with Adobe format
- Powell's Books with Palm, Adobe, and Microsoft formats
- EbooksLib with various formats
- BooksOnBoard.com with various formats
- Book Locker with PDF format
- Kindle Store, which is the ebook part of the amazon.com "store." I haven't found any ebook editions that are not Kindle editions.
- MemoWare PDA Bookstore with various formats.
Here are some publishers who sell ebooks directly:
- Simon & Schuster with Adobe, Microsoft, and Palm formats
- Pan Macmillan with Adobe, Microsoft, and Mobipocket formats
- Penguin Group with Adobe, Microsoft, and Palm formats
- HarperCollins ebooks with Mobipocket, Microsoft, and Adobe formats
- RosettaBooks is an electronic publisher with Microsoft Reader, Adobe Acrobat eBook Reader, Palm Digital, and MobiPocket formats.
In 2001 Random House announced that it was closing its AtRandom imprint for e-books apparently because the market was so small but continued to sell ebooks but not through a separate retailing division. I went the Random House ebooks web site and clicked on Grace and Power. I found that the price is $9.95, but I could not find what format it comes in or how I could buy it. Then I went to the Random House, Inc. web site and found that their ebooks in several formats are sold through several retailers.
Here are some ebook directories:
Now, let's look at a couple of cases of incomprehensible ebook pricing. My wife is a Laurie K. King fan. As this page was written, Amazon.com sold the paperback edition of King's book entitled Locked Rooms for $6.99 and sold their Kindle ebook edition for $5.99, which is a commendable price but with only the proprietary Kindle format. Their own subsidiary, Mobipocket, sold the ebook edition for $17.95 in the Mobi format. I simply don't get it! I went to eBookwise and bought the book for $6.29 in their OEBFF format. Fictionwise, which owns eBookwise, sold the ebook for $6.99 in the Secure Microsoft Reader and eReader formats.
As this was written, Penguin sold A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Hosseini in the hardcover book edition for $25.95, and they sold the ebook edition in the Palm format for $11.00. Amazon.com sold the hardcover book for $14.27, which is great discount price, and the Kindle edition for $9.99. Their subsidiary, Mobipocket, again, sold the ebook for the full hardcover price of $25.95, which was also eReader.com's and Fictionwise's prices. I would think that publishers would love to transition from paper books to ebooks as fast as possible with realistic if not especially favorable pricing on ebooks.
For a good discussion of ebook pricing go to What Price Ebooks?.

eBook Reading Devices
Since an ebook is simply a computer file, we need an electronic device of some kind with a screen to display the ebook content in words and images. Here are choices of hardware to read ebooks:
- Computers: They have the important advantage that they can be used to download and read ebooks in many formats without having to upload to another reading device. The screens are relatively large and backlit so that no reading light is needed to have a well-lit page, and it stays upright without being held. Computers are especially desirable for the sight-impaired.
- Desktop computers: Some people don't like to read on a desktop computer, but I wonder if they have ever given it a fair chance. I have a 19" widescreen flat panel monitor, and I find that I can read comfortably on it for as long as I would watch televison. One ebook reader permits me to increase the font size, the line spacing, and margins to accommodate my cataracts and permits me to change the background color to yellow. I have a comfortable chair in which I can sit back and relax and read without my glasses. True, I can't "curl up" with the desktop computer, but for me it's a good ebook reading device now that I have figured out how to best use it.
- Laptop computers: The new bright screen units provide excellent performance. They have the advantage of being portable but not "pocket portable." I can recline in my easy chair, park my feet on the edge of my footstool, put the laptop on a pillow in my lap, and read comfortably for a couple of hours. Or I can sit on the couch and read even though there is no reading lamp by it. I can even read in bed with lights out. I put on my prism glasses or Angled Glasses (Bed Spectacles), put the laptop on my tummy, and put my head on my pillow without propping it up. Laptops are getting very affordable. I would look for sales and rebate deals offering a laptop with a 15.4-in screen for no more than $300.
- Handheld devices or PDAs (Personal Digital Assistant): They are "pocket portable," and they are versatile in two ways. Most of them are organizers and the more pricey units do other jobs as well. They can support more than one proprietary format and other formats. Although the screens are small, that isn't as much of a problem as one might imagine. The process of downloading to these devices by synchronizing with a PC can be a bit tricky.
- Personal organizers: These PDAs typically have an appointment calendar, a to-do list, a contact list, and a note-writing program. An example is the Palm Z22, which sells new for less than $100 and comes with eReader on the software installation CD that can be installed as an option. (See device on the left in above image.) Its screen size is small (1.7 x 1.7 inches), and the text is small with relatively low resolution. However, the backlit screen (with adjustable brightness) and the bold font makes it very easy for me to read the text with my reading glasses. The small screen can display a surprising amount of text (13 lines of text compared with 15 lines on my pocket PC). I especially like it for reading in bed with the lights out and for reading on the go. It's a feather-weight (about the size and weight of a deck of cards) and feels good in the hand. I don't know how long the battery will last (not removable by user), but I suspect that it will be long lasting if it is faithfully charged when the indicator first shows the need. To see what is involved in downloading, see How to Download eBooks to Read on a Palm Z22.
- Handheld computers: These enable you to take your desktop files as well as your ebooks with you. While you're waiting for something, you can read an ebook, make a note, or you can write a letter using Pocket Word to be printed later from your desktop. Here are the two types of handheld computers based on the two most popular operating systems:
- Pocket PC: Microsoft requires that for a device to be called a "Pocket PC" it must run MS Windows Mobile, PocketPC edition; come bundled with specific applications; touchscreen; directional pad or touchpad; set of hardware application buttons; and be based on a particular class of CPUs. They support somewhat fewer formats than a laptop, but they do support MS Reader, eReader, and Mobipocket formats. They are pricey, so I bought a "like new" Compaq IPAQ 3650 with a 2.26 by 3.02 inch side-lit color screen. (See device in the middle in above image.) The unit turned out to have a stone-dead battery and is "not user-serviceable," but I replaced the battery following instructions that came with the battery. Then I found that it has the MS Pocket PC 2000 OS, and it needs to be at least 2002. (The Dell Axim X5 has the 2002 OS, and it has a removable battery.)
- Handheld computers using the Palm OS: Examples are the Palm TX Handheld and the Palm Tungsten E2 Handheld.
- Internet Tablet PC: Examples are the Nokia 770 and 800 {See Nokia N800 Internet Tablet PC ($219.99) which has an excellent 4.1-inch LCD touchscreen with full-screen keyboard and a wide variety of multimedia playback features. It has the opensource Maemo (Nokia's brand of embedded Linux) and supports FBReader. To check out the use of FBReader on the Nokia 800 go to Nokia 800 as an eBook Reader Using FBReader. Also see The Nokia N800 as an e-book reader Dimensions: 5.7 x 2.95 x 0.5 inches
- Smartphones: Mobipocket Reader and eReader support smartphones using the Palm OS or Windows Mobile. Examples are the Palm Treo and the BlackBerry Pearl. It would be logical for Apple to put a reader on the iPhone and sell ebooks for a mass market price through iTunes. Someone is going to put a good reader on iPhone. In fact, an unauthorized third party reader for the iPhone is already available.
- Dedicated, single-purpose ebook reading devices: They have larger screens than the PDAs, and the newer ones may have the latest e-Ink technology, which gives the screen a paper-like quality. However, the screen is grayish and is not backlit. These devices are handbag portable but not pocket portable. They have serious limitations with respect to versatility. Although most are pricey, they don't organize nor compute. Also, they are all very limited in the formats supported. Some do not have a search function or the ability to make notes. Here are examples of these devices:
- The new improved Sony PRS-505 reading device: It uses the e-Ink technology. To read more about it go to Sony Reader Digital Book, PRS-505. Ebooks for it are available from Sony's eBook store, Connect, which sells ebooks in Sony's proprietary format. Fictionwise has added the Sony format to their Multiformat, so a good selection of books is available for the Sony device. Sony says you can "view other document formats such as Adobe® PDF10, RTF, TXT, BBeB® and Microsoft® Word." For a discussion of the device and the compatible formats go to TeleRead: Bring the E-Books Home. The price tag is a $300 plus $30 for a necessary charger, $40 for a case (the screen is fragile), and $15 for an LED reading light (the screen is not backlit).
- The Bookeen Cybook Gen3: Its hardware, which was launched at the end of October 2007, is quite similar to the Sony device. It supports Mobipocket (encrypted and unencrypted) and HTML, Palmdoc, txt, pdf, and rtf. More formats may be added later as firmware updates. To see it, go to Cybook Gen3. Also go to Bookeen's Official Blog. It sells for from $350 without the necessary charger to $450.
- amazonKindle: On November 19, 2007, amazon launched the Kindle reading device with much fanfare. It also has the e-Ink technology. It's supposed to support unprotected Mobipocket books (.MOBI, .PRC), .TXT files, HTML, and Word files by transfer over USB or by Kindle e-mail, but this device is basically a Kindle format device. Its "wow' feature is that books from the "Kindle Store" can be selected, purchased, and downloaded wirelessly free of charge without a computer. This pricey, innovative device is creating a lot of buzz that will boost interest in ebooks, but it needs to become more affordable and versatile.
- eBookwise-1150: It sell for $110, or $140 with a 64-MB SMC card, which is about my price limit for a dedicated, single-purpose device. (See device on the right in above image.) To check it out go to eBookwise-1150 eBook Reading Device. It only reads ebooks in the OEBFF (IMP) format, so for copyrighted ebooks you are pretty much limited to ebooks from Fictionwise and eBookwise, which between them offer a lot of choices. With eBookwise Librarian software, $15, you can convert plain text (.txt), rich text format (.rtf), Microsoft Word documents (.doc), HTML (.htm or .html), and Rocket eBook Editions (.rb) to IMP if you are nerdy enough. The resolution is medium. It enables highlighting text, annotating, drawing, and searching. The screen is backlit, so the battery needs to be charged more frequently than the e-Ink devices. (Some people don't like backlit screens, but would they rather have their backlit computer monitor and TV illuminated with room lighting?) You have a choice between a newspaper-sized font and a larger font, which is great for the vision-impaired. Once you have purchased books through a computer connection, you can download them from your online bookshelf with your computer or directly to your eBookwise device through a telephone connection. (The device has a modem.) See Review of the eBookwise 1150 Portable Ebook Reading Device. Also see eBookwise-1150 To find out how to use the device go to Quick Start Guide. I bought one for my wife, who reads in bed with the lights out. She likes it because it is very simple to use and gives a good reading experience.
Downloading eBooks
For a good explanation of how to download software or files in general from the Internet go to Download Files. You will note that there are two parts to the procedure, downloading and installing.
Before you start downloading files, we should be up to speed in using Windows Explorer. If you need a refresher, go to Using Windows Explorer and Folders.
For lengthy and detailed instructions for downloading readers and ebooks go to Simple-to-follow instructions for the computer novice on how to download E-Texts and E-Books to your PC.
Different distributors sell ebooks in different formats, and they may have different procedures for downloading their books. So our first step is to understand the requirements of our reading device. Then we should carefully read the instructions given by the ebook distributor for downloading. Fictionwise has excellent instructions for downloading and installing different readers (the material is a bit old). Go to Fictionwise Support.
Downloading ".txt" File eBook
To download to my computer a free plain text ebook by Charles Darwin, I went to the Project Gutenberg Online Book Catalog to look for Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. I downloaded the zipped version. I had already installed the automated version of WinZip on my computer and unzipped the book, and then I followed these steps:
- I opened the ebook in WordPad. (I could have opened it in my browser, but I couldn't bold the text to make it easier for me to read since my vision is somewhat impaired by cataracts. I also could have opened it in a word processor, but I prefer WordPad because it doesn't have pagination so there are no gaps between pages. Using a word processor has the advantage, however, that you can save your preferred font preferences.)
- I enhanced the font. I clicked Ctrl-A to select the text, then Format, and Font. I kept the Courier New font, changed the serif font style to Bold, and increased the font Size to 15, which I can read easily without glasses and which is also the limit without lines being wrapped to a second line. I now often increase it to 23, and the second line is of equal length. I could also have changed the Font if I had preferred another such as a sans-serif font like Arial, which I read without bolding.
By using WordPad I can find words, chapter numbers, or markers by clicking Edit and Find. For example, I can mark where I finish reading by typing something like :: and saving the text. Then next time I can search for that marker to find my place and then delete it. I can also add notes and give them a marker if I like.
To cursor down the page, simply use the Page Down key.
Downloading ".pdf" File eBook
Before choosing a book in the PDF format, I downloaded the Acrobat Reader 8.1.0.
I went to Browse Digital Books in KSL Collection By Author and chose to download A Fleece of Gold by Charles Stewart Given in PDF format. The book is a scan of the original book, and it opened with a "magnification" of 193%, which gave a font size that is very easy for me to read without glasses. To cursor down, I clicked the Page Down key. (Sometimes I had to push Esc when first using the Page Down key.) The book opened in my browser, so to save it, I went to My Documents folder and saved it in my "ebooks" folder.
Downloading ".html" File eBook
I opened the The University of Adelaide Library and clicked the Alphabetical list of Authors and chose Charles Darwin and selected The Descent of Man, where I had the choice of "read" or "download." It is formatted in .html, and the text appears in a very good font for me to read in my browser. I use the Mozilla Firefox browser, so to change the font size, I only needed to press Ctrl- or Ctrl+. The pages have wide enough margins so that I can increase font size substantially, but the lines will run off the screen with very large font sizes.
Downloading ".mobi" File eBook
I opened Mobipocket and downloaded Mobipocket Reader Desktop 6. It suggested "Save to disk" and I clicked OK. A file appeared in Desktop file called "mobipocketreadersetup.msi," which I right-clicked and chose
install." The Windows Installer Package took over and suggested installing in the Program File.
Then I went back to the Mobipocket page first mentioned and cursored down the left side to Free Downloads and clicked Download free eBooks. I found Aesop's Fables and clicked Download Book. It asked, Open with Mobipocket?" OK. Title page of my book appeared. I clicked the + icon at the top of the page to increase font size. I clicked the A- icon and chose a background color, a line-spacing of 1.25, and Extra Large margin. The arrows in right margin are page down arrows. The ones in the left margin are page up arrows. I use the Pasge Down key. One can add a bookmark or a note.
Downloading Other Proprietary Readers and eBooks to Various Platforms
For information on downloading Microsoft Reader go to Downloads.
For an excellent page on eReader including information on downloading, go to Downloading and Installing eReader and eBooks.
To download Mobipocket Reader and ebooks to your desktop and to another device, go to Mobipocket Reader Desktop 6.0.
The Bottom Line
Even though the situation in ebook land is maddening, it's time to check it out. There are a lot of ebooks available (in several formats, unfortunately), and if you have a computer or a PDA, you have a device that can read them. We have had three new pricey, dedicated reading devices released in 2007 with the most recent and most hyped being Jeff Bezos' launch of the amazon Kindle. All three attempt to imitate the printed page with the e-Ink technology and are not backlit. This is fine if you do your reading in your favorite easy chair under a reading light. I do much of my book reading in bed with the lights out.
If Steve Jobs is as cunning as I think he is, he'll step in and steal Jeff Bezos' lunch by putting a good reader on the iPhone and selling ebooks at a reasonable price on iTunes. I think the "Swiss Army knife" approach has much more potential than the dedicated reading device.
I'm looking forward to the time when we have a standardized format that can be read on most any reading device and when ebooks sell for a reasonable price. When these things happen, we will know that the age of ebooks has arrived, but in the meantime I will make the best of a messy situation.
Your feedback will be welcome. Please send an e-mail message to me, Bob Parvin: bandcparvinXhotmail.com (Substitute @ for X. I'm trying to hide my address from spammers.)
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